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Vowel reduction in Russian differs in the standard language and in dialects. Several ways of reduction (and its absence) are distinguished. There are five vowel phonemes in Standard Russian. Vowels tend to merge when they are unstressed. The vowels and have the same unstressed allophones for a number of dialects and reduce to an unclear schwa. Unstressed may become more central if it does not merge with . Other types of reduction are phonetic, such as that of high vowels ( and ), which become near-close so that этап ('stage') is pronounced and мужчина ('man') is . Russian orthography does not reflect vowel reduction and this can cause confusion for beginning learners of Russian. ==Back vowels== Other than in Northern Russian dialects as well as those of Kostroma and Vologda, Russian speakers have a strong tendency to merge unstressed and . This is called ''akanye'' () and contrasts with ''okanye'' () pronunciations. The way this works in Standard Russian goes as follows: * After hard (non-palatalized) consonants, standard phonological rules prescribe a two-level reduction. The stressed vowel is normally the longest, and it is the only place (with certain exceptions) where the sound is permitted. In the syllable immediately before the stress and in absolute word-initial position, both reduce to (sometimes also transcribed as ). In all other locations, and are reduced further to a short, poorly enunciated .〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Qualitative reduction of the 2nd degree )〕 Examples: паром ('ferry'), облако ('cloud'), трава ('grass'). In practice, the second reduction has a gradient character: if the vowel in question is afforded enough duration (e.g. due to hyperarticulation), it may be pronounced as . Shorter durations have the effect of gradually transforming into schwa. It has been argued recently that the change of sound quality during second-degree reduction is merely an artifact of duration-dependent "phonetic undershoot", the situation where the speaker ''intends'' to pronounce , but the limited time budget constrains the likelihood of the tongue being able to arrive at the intended vowel target. During fast speech, reduction ultimately may result in the vowel being dropped altogether, and the preceding consonant slightly lengthened or turned into a syllabic consonant: сапоги , vs. ('boots'), потолок ('ceiling'), десять ('ten'). * * When , , , or is written in a word, it indicates so that соображать ('to realize') is pronounced .〔 * * In prepositions, these processes occur even across word boundaries, as in под морем ('under the sea'), на обороте ('on the reverse side', 'overleaf'). This does not occur in other parts of speech. * Both and merge with after palatalized consonants and ( is written as in these positions). This occurs for after retroflex consonants as well. Examples: жена ('wife'), язык ('tongue'). Across certain word-final suffixes, the reductions do not completely apply. In certain suffixes, after palatalized consonants and , and (which is written as ) can be distinguished from and from each other: по́ле ('field' nom. sg. neut.) is different from по́ля ('field' sg. gen.), and these final sounds differ from the realization of in such position. There are a number of exceptions to the above comments regarding the ''akanye''. * Firstly, is not always reduced in foreign borrowings,〔 e.g. радио ('radio'); the common pattern for this exception is: final unstressed "о" preceded by another vowel (e.g. ''Антонио'', ''какао'', ''стерео''), compare with ''моно'', ''фото'', where the final unstressed "о" is reduced to . * Secondly, speakers with old-Moscovian reflexes pronounce as after retroflex consonants and (thereby mimicking the reduction of ); this pronunciation generally applies only to жалеть ('to regret'), к сожалению ('unfortunately'), and oblique cases of лошадь ('horse'), such as лошадей . * Thirdly, replaces after in the oblique cases of some numerals, e.g. двадцать ('twenty'). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vowel reduction in Russian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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